This dataset provides a World Ocean Atlas of Argo inferred statistics. The primary data are exclusively Argo profiles. The statistics are done using the whole time range covered by the Argo data, starting in July 1997. The atlas is provided with a 0.25° resolution in the horizontal and 63 depths from 0 m to 2,000 m in the vertical. The statistics include means of Conservative Temperature (CT), Absolute Salinity, compensated density, compressiblity factor and vertical isopycnal displacement (VID); standard deviations of CT, VID and the squared Brunt Vaisala frequency; skewness and kurtosis of VID; and Eddy Available Potential Energy (EAPE). The compensated density is the product of the in-situ density times the compressibility factor. It generalizes the virtual density used in Roullet et al. (2014). The compressibility factor is defined so as to remove the dependency with pressure of the in-situ density. The compensated density is used in the computation of the VID and the EAPE.

Ensemble simulations of the ecosystem model Apecosm (https://apecosm.org) forced by the IPSL-CM6-LR climate model with the climate change scenario SSP5-8.5. The output files contain yearly mean biomass density for 3 communities (epipelagic, mesopelagic migratory and mesopelagic redidents) and 100 size classes (ranging from 0.12cm to 1.96m) The model grid file is also provided. Units are in J/m2 and can be converted in kg/m2 by dividing by 4e6. These outputs are associated with the "Assessing the time of emergence of marine ecosystems from global to local scales using IPSL-CM6A-LR/APECOSM climate-to-fish ensemble simulations" paper from the Earth's Future "Past and Future of Marine Ecosystems" Special Collection.

Observations of Sea surface temperature and salinity are now obtained from voluntary sailing ships using medium or small size sensors. They complement the networks installed on research vessels or commercial ships. The delayed mode dataset proposed here is upgraded annually as a contribution to GOSUD (http://www.gosud.org )

This data set provides a monthly time series of the upper limb of the Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC) intensity at the A25 Greenland-Portugal OVIDE line from 1993 to 2015. The MOC was derived by combining AVISO altimetry with ISAS temperature and salinity data. The reader is referred to Mercier et al. (2015, Progress in Oceanography) for a full description of the method.

C-RAID: Comprehensive Reprocessing of Drifting Buoy Data (1979-2018) The C-RAID (Copernicus - Reprocessing of Drifting Buoys) project delivers a comprehensive global reprocessing of historical drifting buoy data and metadata, providing climate-quality observations for marine and atmospheric research. Dataset Overview The C-RAID dataset encompasses metadata from 21 858 drifting buoys deployed between 1979 and 2018. Of these, 17 496 buoys have undergone complete reprocessing with scientific validation in delayed mode, including comparison against ERA5 reanalysis. Project Context Managed by the WMO DBCP Drifting Buoys Global Data Assembly Centre (GDAC) through Ifremer, Météo-France, and Ocean Sciences Division of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, C-RAID focuses on enhanced quality control and delivery of climate-quality drifting buoy data for the Marine Climate Data System (MCDS). Objectives - Complete reprocessing and clean-up of the historical drifting buoy data archive - Recovery and rescue of missing datasets - Reprocessing of Argos data with improved positioning using Kalman filter algorithms - Homogenization of quality control procedures across marine and atmospheric parameters Funding & Governance C-RAID was funded by the Copernicus Programme through the European Environment Agency (Contract # EEA/IDM/15/026/LOT1), supporting cross-cutting coordination activities for the in-situ component of Copernicus Services. Stakeholders & Partnerships The project is led by the DB-GDAC consortium (Ifremer, Météo-France) in collaboration with EUMETNET's E-SURFMAR programme, NOAA AOML, and JCOMMOPS. Key Achievements - Reprocessing of approximately 24 000 buoy-years of observations - Recovery of missing datasets and metadata through data rescue efforts - Implementation of homogeneous, rich metadata and data formats - Enhanced Argos location accuracy using Kalman filter reprocessing - Standardized quality control and validation procedures Data Access & FAIR Principles C-RAID provides FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) data access through: - Web-based data discovery portal for human users - API services for data discovery, subsetting, and download (machine-to-machine access) Target Users The dataset serves major operational and research programmes including: - Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) - Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) - iQuam (in-situ SST Quality Monitor) - ICOADS (International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set) - GHRSST (Group for High Resolution Sea Surface Temperature) - ISPD (International Surface Pressure Databank) - ICDC (Integrated Climate Data Center)  

Mesoscale eddy detection from 2000 to 2021 are computed using the AMEDA algorithm applied on AVISO L4 absolute dynamic topography at 1/8th degree. Eddy numbers correspond to tracks referenced in the DYNED atlas (https://doi.org/10.14768/2019130201.2). Detection is based on AVISO delyed-time product from 2000 to 2019 and on day+6 near-real-time altimetry from 2020 to 2021. Colocalisation is then made with available in situ profiles from Coriolis Ocean Dataset for Reanalysis (CORA) delayed-time data (113486 profiles) and Copernicus near-real-time profiles (43567).

This delayed mode product designed for reanalysis purposes integrates the best available version of in situ data for ocean surface currents and current vertical profiles. It concerns three delayed time datasets dedicated to near-surface currents measurements coming from three platforms (Lagrangian surface drifters, High Frequency radars and Argo floats) and velocity profiles within the water column coming from the Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP, vessel mounted only). The latest version of Copernicus surface and sub-surface water velocity product is also distributed from Copernicus Marine catalogue.

The In Situ delayed mode product designed for reanalysis purposes integrates the best available version of in situ data for ocean surface currents. The data are collected from the Surface Drifter Data Assembly Centre (SD-DAC at NOAA AOML). All surface drifters data have been processed to check for drogue loss. Drogued and undrogued drifting buoy surface ocean currents are provided with a drogue presence flag as well as a wind slippage correction for undrogued buoys. Altimeter and wind data have been used to extract the direct wind slippage from the total drifting buoy velocities. This product is designed to be assimilated into or for validation purposes of operational models operated by ocean forecasting centers for reanalysis purposes or for research community. These users need data aggregated and quality controlled in a reliable and documented manner.

The upper ocean pycnocline (UOP) monthly climatology is based on the ISAS20 ARGO dataset containing Argo and Deep-Argo temperature and salinity profiles on the period 2002-2020. Regardless of the season, the UOP is defined as the shallowest significant stratification peak captured by the method described in Sérazin et al. (2022), whose detection threshold is proportional to the standard deviation of the stratification profile. The three main characteristics of the UOP are provided -- intensity, depth and thickness -- along with hydrographic variables at the upper and lower edges of the pycnocline, the Turner angle and density ratio at the depth of the UOP. A stratification index (SI) that evaluates the amount of buoyancy required to destratify the upper ocean down to a certain depth, is also included. When evaluated at the bottom of the UOP, this gives the upper ocean stratification index (UOSI) as discussed in Sérazin et al. (2022). Three mixed layer depth variables are also included in this dataset, including the one using the classic density threshold of 0.03 kg.m-3, along with the minimum of these MLD variables. Several statistics of the UOP characteristics and the associated quantities are available in 2°×2° bins for each month of the year, whose results were smoothed using a diffusive gaussian filter with a 500 km scale. UOP characteristics are also available for each profile, with all the profiles sorted in one file per month.

The observations of campe glider on imedia deployment (Mediterranean Sea - Western basin) are distributed in 4 files: - EGO NetCDF time-series (data, metadata, derived sea water current) - NetCDF profiles extracted from the above time-series - Raw data - JSON metadata used by the decoder The following parameters are provided : - Practical salinity - Sea temperature in-situ ITS-90 scale - Electrical conductivity - Sea water pressure, equals 0 at sea-level