The mean sea surface (MSS) is an important field in physical oceanography, geophysics, and geodesy. In principle, it corresponds to the time-averaged height of the ocean surface. Auxiliary product : mean sea profile above a reference ellipsoid (T/P or WSG84). This surface is available on a regular grid (1/60°x1/60°, 1 minute). The mean sea surface MSS_CNES_CLS2025 (Charayon et al., in prep) has been computed using a 29-year [1993-2021] period of altimetric data. It was built exploring the use of SWOT KaRIn data to propose a new generation MSS able to better represent small wavelengths gapping state-of-the-art nadir-based MSS. Long wavelengths come from a MSS draft chosen to be the Hybrid 23 MSS (https://doi.org/10.24400/527896/a01-2024.002 ) low pass filtered at 20km since this nadir-based MSS model already captured well long wavelengths. The wavelengths shorter than 100km are improved thanks to a SWOT-KaRIn mean profile anomaly to the MSS draft. This mean profile anomaly is built with: - The SWOT-KaRIn science (L3 v3.0 Expert, cycles 1 to 31 included except cycle 17, https://doi.org/10.24400/527896/a01-2023.018) dataset - The experimental multimission gridded L4 sea level heights and velocities with SWOT using MIOST (https://doi.org/10.24400/527896/a01-2025.001 ). - In SWOT diamonds, since KaRIn data are not available, we used another innovation only based on DT2024 1Hz CryoSat2 and AltiKa SSHA data (https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00146), period from 2010 to 2025, SSHA data relative to MSS Hybrid 23 low pass filtered at 5km. To build this nadir-based innovation, we used the static part of the mapping from MIOST method.

These gridded products are produced from the following upstream data: - for satellites SARAL/AltiKa, Cryosat-2, HaiYang-2B, Jason-3, Copernicus Sentinel-3A/B, Sentinel-6 MF, SWOT Nadir => NRT (Near-Real-Time) Nadir along-track (or Level-3) SEA LEVEL products (DOI: https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00147) delivered by the Copernicus Marine Service (http://marine.copernicus.eu/ ). The gridded product is based on near-real-time (NRT) Level-3 Nadir datasets for the period from July 7, 2025, to December 31, 2025. => MY (Multi-Year) Nadir along-track (or Level-3) SEA LEVEL products (DOI: https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00146 ) delivered by the Copernicus Marine Service (CMEMS, http://marine.copernicus.eu/ ). The gridded product is based on MY Level-3 Nadir datasets for the period from March 28, 2023, to July 6, 2025. - for SWOT KaRIn : the L3_LR_SSH Expert v3.0 product distributed by AVISO (DOI: https://doi.org/10.24400/527896/A01-2023.018) from March 28, 2023 to December 31, 2025. One mapping algorithm is proposed: the MIOST approach which provides which provides global Sea Surface Height (SSH) solutions. The MIOST method is capable of accounting for various modes of ocean surface topography variability (e.g., geostrophic, barotropic, equatorial wave dynamics) by constructing multiple independent components within a predefined covariance model.

This dataset provides an estimation of the climate feedback parameter and the climate sensitivity developed in collaboration by Magellium and LEGOS. It is based on the publication of Meyssignac et al., (2023, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-00887-2) . The product is a crucial study on Effective Climate Sensitivity (ECS), focusing on the time variation of the climate feedback parameter (λ). Understanding λ is fundamental as it quantifies the Earth’s radiative response to changes in global average temperature. A less negative λ directly implies a greater climate sensitivity to greenhouse gas concentrations. The product addresses the high uncertainty in ECS by providing an observational estimate of λ temporal variations since 1970. Estimates are derived from the global energy balance equation, regressing the radiative response against temperature over periods longer than 25 years. Users are primarily interested in the time series of λ and its associated uncertainties. The input data for computing λ is provided in a secondary "extended product" for transparency, allowing users to rebuild the indicators. The final product, available as a NetCDF file, can be downloaded in open access and is licensed for any project or study.

Archive de toutes les données de température de surface (SST) satellite produites dans le cadre du projet international GHRSST. Ifremer est un GDAC pour ces données, miroir du GDAC NASA/JPL. Ces données sont utilisées pour la génération de produits multi-capteurs (CMEMS, Medspiration) mais également dans le cadre d'un grand nombre d'études ou projets nécessitant l'utilisation de mesures de SST. L'archive regroupe plusieurs jeux de données provenant de différents satellite ainsi que des données in situ de référence pour leur validation. Elle est mise à jour en temps quasi-réel depuis 10 ans, avec service de diffusion opérationnelle associé (FTP et HTTP). Une fiche sextant (issue du catalogue CERSAT) sera fournie pour chaque dataset dans cette archive.

387 points were surveyed with a SP80 DGPS by Maxime Paschal as part of the La Rochelle Zero Carbon Territory (LRTZC) project on 26/05/23. At each point, the type of vegetation was specified.

This dataset provide a times series of daily multi-sensor composite fields of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) foundation at high resolution (HR) on a 0.10 x 0.10 degree grid (approximately 10 x 10 km) for the Global Ocean, every 24 hours. Whereas along swath observation data essentially represent the skin or sub-skin SST, the L3S SST product is defined to represent the SST foundation (SSTfnd). SSTfnd is defined within GHRSST as the temperature at the base of the diurnal thermocline. It is so named because it represents the foundation temperature on which the diurnal thermocline develops during the day. SSTfnd changes only gradually along with the upper layer of the ocean, and by definition it is independent of skin SST fluctuations due to wind- and radiation-dependent diurnal stratification or skin layer response. It is therefore updated at intervals of 24 hrs. SSTfnd corresponds to the temperature of the upper mixed layer which is the part of the ocean represented by the top-most layer of grid cells in most numerical ocean models. It is never observed directly by satellites, but it comes closest to being detected by infrared and microwave radiometers during the night, when the previous day's diurnal stratification can be assumed to have decayed. The processing combines the observations of multiple polar orbiting and geostationary satellites, embedding infrared of microwave radiometers. All these sources are intercalibrated with each other before merging. A ranking procedure is used to select the best sensor observation for each grid point. This dataset is generated daily within a 24 delay and is therefore suitable for assimilation into operational models. It is produced in the frame of Copernicus Marine Service and the data available through various tools and protocols with a simple user registration from this service (product identifier: SST_GLO_SST_L3S_NRT_OBSERVATIONS_010_010) at: https://data.marine.copernicus.eu/product/SST_GLO_SST_L3S_NRT_OBSERVATIONS_010_010

The 4D Marine Heatwaves (MHW) atlas contains 4D (x, y, z, t) **daily temperature and marine heatwaves categories** for global region [82.875°S-89.875°N, 0.125°E-359.875°E], from 0 to 300m depth and a spatial resolution of 1/8°. It covers the period 1993-2022. The MHW atlas has been computed from the temperature 4D fields of the ARMOR3D global product delivered in the Copernicus Marine Service (MULTIOBS_GLO_PHY_TSUV_3D_MYNRT_015_012 - https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00052 ). The MHW categories are derived from the Hobday’s method [Hobday et al.,2018]. Each MHW event is classified among four categories (moderate to extreme), identified in terms of multiples of the local difference between the 90th percentile and climatological values, and defined as moderate (1-2×, Category I), strong (2-3×, Category II), severe (3-4×, Category III), and extreme (>4×, Category IV). When the category is zero, this means that there is no MHW. The period 1993-2021 is used as a baseline for defining the climatology to be as close as possible to the 30-year period suggested by Hobday. This choice is motivated by the need of altimetry data to constrain the vertical temperature reconstruction, which is required for most ocean reanalyses as well. Additionally, ancillary data are provided together with the data. It consists of 4D daily **temperature climatology** and **90 percentiles of the temperature**. These fields have been used to compute the MHW categories. They are delivered over the same domain as the MHW atlas. ARMOR3D **temperature uncertainties** are also supplied as they can help users to select only the most reliable events in the database. This dataset was generated by CLS (Collecte Localisation satellite) and is distributed by Ifremer /CERSAT in the frame of the CAREHeat project (CAREHeat Website) funded by the European Space Agency (ESA).

This dataset contains the high-frequency total horizontal current at 15m depth on a global grid at 1/4° resolution. It is composed by the addition of two components, the first is the Geostrophic current derived by Altimetry, from the DT-2018 CMEMS database, and the second is the unsteady-Ekman ageostrophic component forced by the wind. All the details about the algorithm and the physical content of this ageostrophy component are given in the ATBD. The data are available through HTTP and FTP; access to the data is free and open. This dataset was generated by Datlas Ocean and is distributed by Ifremer / CERSAT in the frame of the World Ocean Circulation (WOC) project funded by the European Space Agency (ESA).

The ESA Sea State Climate Change Initiative (CCI) project has produced global multi-sensor time-series of along-track satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) significant wave height (SWH) data (referred to as SAR WV onboard Sentinel-1 Level 2P (L2P) SWH data) with a particular focus for use in climate studies. This dataset contains the Sentinel-1 SAR Remote Sensing Significant Wave Height product (version 1.0), which is part of the ESA Sea State CCI Version 3.0 release. This product provides along-track SWH measurements at 20km resolution every 100km, processed using the Quach et al statistical model , separated per satellite and pass, including all measurements with flags, corrections and extra parameters from other sources. These are expert products with rich content and no data loss. The SAR Wave Mode data used in the Sea State CCI dataset v3 come from Sentinel-1 satellite missions spanning from 2015 to 2021 (Sentinel-1 A, Sentinel-1 B).

This daily High-Resolution (HR) Level 3 gridded wind product is derived from Copernicus Sentinel-1 SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) observations, over the Mediterranean Sea ("MED" area). It is based on the European Space Agency (ESA) Level-2 OCN products at the highest available resolution. Although L2-OCN products already contain wind vectors, those are calculated using the CMOD5.n Geophysical Model Function (GMF) applied to the co-polarized (co-pol) VV channel (emitting in Vertical polarization and receiving in Vertical polarization). This VV GMF was mapped from scatterometer sensors (Hersbach et al., 2007) which are only able to use co-pol measurements. However, these co-pol GMF are known to lose sensitivity for wind above 20 m/s. Therefore, wind based on such GMF alone, are known to under-estimate wind speed (Polverari et al., 2022). For the L3 products winds based on SAR, we take advantage of the available cross-polarized (cross-pol) VH channel (emitting in Vertical polarization and receiving in Horizontal polarization) for which GMF were specifically derived based on C-Band SAR (Mouche et al., 2017, Mouche et al., 2019). Winds estimated from the combination of both the co-pol and cross-pol channels are referred to as dual-polarization (or dual-pol) winds. As shown in Mouche et al. (2019), taking advantage of the dual polarization strongly improves the wind estimation for high wind conditions thanks to the much greater VH channel sensitivity compared to VV. These new wind estimations are then gridded with a 0.012 degree resolution (between 0.5 and 1.2 km in zonal direction depending on the latitude and 1.3 km in meridional direction) using a cylindrical equidistant projection, independently for ascending and descending satellite passes and for each satellite (so 4 wind fields are available per day for two satellites). This dataset is generated over all Sentinel-1 mission time series starting from March 2018 and updated in delayed mode with a 4-months delay. It is also produced for 4 other different European areas. This dataset is produced and disseminated in the frame of Copernicus Marine Service.