'''This product has been archived''' For operationnal and online products, please visit https://marine.copernicus.eu '''Short description:''' For the European Ocean - Sea Surface Temperature Mono-Sensor L3 Observations. One SST file per 24h per area and per sensor (bias corrected) closest to the original resolution: SLSTR-A, AMSR2, SEVIRI, AVHRR_METOP_B, AVHRR18_G, AVHRR_19L, MODIS_A, MODIS_T, VIIRS_NPP. One SST file per file window per area and per sensor (bias corrected) closest to the original resolution , while still manageable in terms volume over the processed area. '''Description of observation methods/instruments:''' The METOP_B derived SSTs are not bias corrected because METOP_B is used as the reference sensor for the correction method. '''DOI (product) :''' https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00162

'''This product has been archived''' For operationnal and online products, please visit https://marine.copernicus.eu '''Short description:''' For the North Atlantic and Arctic oceans, the ESA Ocean Colour CCI Remote Sensing Reflectance (merged, bias-corrected Rrs) data are used to compute surface Chlorophyll (mg m-3, 1 km resolution) using the regional OC5CCI chlorophyll algorithm. The Rrs are generated by merging the data from SeaWiFS, MODIS-Aqua, MERIS, VIIRS and OLCI-3A sensors and realigning the spectra to that of the MERIS sensor. The algorithm used is OC5CCI - a variation of OC5 (Gohin et al., 2002) developed by IFREMER in collaboration with PML. As part of this development, an OC5CCI look up table was generated specifically for application over OC-CCI merged daily remote sensing reflectances. The resulting OC5CCI algorithm was tested and selected through an extensive calibration exercise that analysed the quantitative performance against in situ data for several algorithms in these specific regions. Processing information: PML's Remote Sensing Group has the capability to automatically receive, archive, process and map global data from multiple polar-orbiting sensors in both near-real time and delayed time. OLCI products are downloaded at level-2 from CODA, the Copernicus Hub and/or via EUMETCAST. These products are remapped at nominal 300m and 1 Km spatial resolution using cylindrical equirectangular projection. Description of observation methods/instruments: Ocean colour technique exploits the emerging electromagnetic radiation from the sea surface in different wavelengths. The spectral variability of this signal defines the so called ocean colour which is affected by the presence of phytoplankton. By comparing reflectances at different wavelengths and calibrating the result against in situ measurements, an estimate of chlorophyll content can be derived. '''Processing information:''' ESA OC-CCI Rrs raw data are provided by Plymouth Marine Laboratory, currently at 4km resolution globally. These are processed to produce chlorophyll concentration using the same in-house software as in the operational processing. The entire CCI data set is consistent and processing is done in one go. Both OC CCI and the REP product are versioned. Standard masking criteria for detecting clouds or other contamination factors have been applied during the generation of the Rrs, i.e., land, cloud, sun glint, atmospheric correction failure, high total radiance, large solar zenith angle (70deg), large spacecraft zenith angle (56deg), coccolithophores, negative water leaving radiance, and normalized water leaving radiance at 560 nm 0.15 Wm-2 sr-1 (McClain et al., 1995). For the regional products, a variant of the OC-CCI chain is run to produce high resolution data at the 1km resolution necessary. A detailed description of the ESA OC-CCI processing system can be found in OC-CCI (2014e). '''Description of observation methods/instruments:''' Ocean colour technique exploits the emerging electromagnetic radiation from the sea surface in different wavelengths. The spectral variability of this signal defines the so called ocean colour which is affected by the presence of phytoplankton. By comparing reflectances at different wavelengths and calibrating the result against in-situ measurements, an estimate of chlorophyll content can be derived. '''Quality / Accuracy / Calibration information:''' Detailed description of cal/val is given in the relevant QUID, associated validation reports and quality documentation. '''DOI (product) :''' https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00070

'''Short description:''' Altimeter satellite along-track sea surface heights anomalies (SLA) computed with respect to a twenty-year [1993, 2012] mean. All the missions are homogenized with respect to a reference mission (see QUID document or http://duacs.cls.fr [http://duacs.cls.fr] pages for processing details). The product gives additional variables (e.g. Mean Dynamic Topography, Dynamic Atmosphic Correction, Ocean Tides, Long Wavelength Errors) that can be used to change the physical content for specific needs This product is processed by the DUACS multimission altimeter data processing system. It serves in near-real time the main operational oceanography and climate forecasting centers in Europe and worldwide. It processes data from all altimeter missions: Jason-3, Sentinel-3A, HY-2A, Saral/AltiKa, Cryosat-2, Jason-2, Jason-1, T/P, ENVISAT, GFO, ERS1/2. It provides a consistent and homogeneous catalogue of products for varied applications, both for near real time applications and offline studies. To produce maps of SLA (Sea Level Anomalies) in near-real time, the system exploits the most recent datasets available based on the enhanced OGDR+IGDR production. The system acquires and then synchronizes altimeter data and auxiliary data; each mission is homogenized using the same models and corrections. The Input Data Quality Control checks that the system uses the best altimeter data. The multi-mission cross-calibration process removes any residual orbit error, or long wavelength error (LWE), as well as large scale biases and discrepancies between various data flows; all altimeter fields are interpolated at crossover locations and dates. After a repeat-track analysis, a mean profile, which is peculiar to each mission, or a Mean Sea Surface (MSS) (when the orbit is non repetitive) is subtracted to compute sea level anomaly. The MSS is available via the Aviso+ dissemination (http://www.aviso.altimetry.fr/en/data/products/auxiliary-products/mss.html [http://www.aviso.altimetry.fr/en/data/products/auxiliary-products/mss.html]). Data are then cross validated, filtered from residual noise and small scale signals, and finally sub-sampled (sla_filtered variable). The ADT (Absolute Dynamic Topography, adt_filtered variable) can computed as follows: adt_filtered=sla_filtered+MDT where MDT. The Mean Dynamic Topography distributed by Aviso+ (http://www.aviso.altimetry.fr/en/data/products/auxiliary-products/mdt.html [http://www.aviso.altimetry.fr/en/data/products/auxiliary-products/mdt.html]). '''Associated products:''' A time invariant product [http://marine.copernicus.eu/services-portfolio/access-to-products/?option=com_csw&view=details&product_id=SEALEVEL_GLO_NOISE_L4_NRT_OBSERVATIONS_008_032] describing the noise level of along-track measurements is available. It is associated to the sla_filtered variable. It is a gridded product. One file is provided for the global ocean and those values must be applied for Arctic and Europe products. For Mediterranean and Black seas, one value is given in the QUID document.

'''DEFINITION''' We have derived an annual eutrophication and eutrophication indicator map for the North Atlantic Ocean using satellite-derived chlorophyll concentration. Using the satellite-derived chlorophyll products distributed in the regional North Atlantic CMEMS MY Ocean Colour dataset (OC- CCI), we derived P90 and P10 daily climatologies. The time period selected for the climatology was 1998-2017. For a given pixel, P90 and P10 were defined as dynamic thresholds such as 90% of the 1998-2017 chlorophyll values for that pixel were below the P90 value, and 10% of the chlorophyll values were below the P10 value. To minimise the effect of gaps in the data in the computation of these P90 and P10 climatological values, we imposed a threshold of 25% valid data for the daily climatology. For the 20-year 1998-2017 climatology this means that, for a given pixel and day of the year, at least 5 years must contain valid data for the resulting climatological value to be considered significant. Pixels where the minimum data requirements were met were not considered in further calculations. We compared every valid daily observation over 2021 with the corresponding daily climatology on a pixel-by-pixel basis, to determine if values were above the P90 threshold, below the P10 threshold or within the [P10, P90] range. Values above the P90 threshold or below the P10 were flagged as anomalous. The number of anomalous and total valid observations were stored during this process. We then calculated the percentage of valid anomalous observations (above/below the P90/P10 thresholds) for each pixel, to create percentile anomaly maps in terms of % days per year. Finally, we derived an annual indicator map for eutrophication levels: if 25% of the valid observations for a given pixel and year were above the P90 threshold, the pixel was flagged as eutrophic. Similarly, if 25% of the observations for a given pixel were below the P10 threshold, the pixel was flagged as oligotrophic. '''CONTEXT''' Eutrophication is the process by which an excess of nutrients – mainly phosphorus and nitrogen – in a water body leads to increased growth of plant material in an aquatic body. Anthropogenic activities, such as farming, agriculture, aquaculture and industry, are the main source of nutrient input in problem areas (Jickells, 1998; Schindler, 2006; Galloway et al., 2008). Eutrophication is an issue particularly in coastal regions and areas with restricted water flow, such as lakes and rivers (Howarth and Marino, 2006; Smith, 2003). The impact of eutrophication on aquatic ecosystems is well known: nutrient availability boosts plant growth – particularly algal blooms – resulting in a decrease in water quality (Anderson et al., 2002; Howarth et al.; 2000). This can, in turn, cause death by hypoxia of aquatic organisms (Breitburg et al., 2018), ultimately driving changes in community composition (Van Meerssche et al., 2019). Eutrophication has also been linked to changes in the pH (Cai et al., 2011, Wallace et al. 2014) and depletion of inorganic carbon in the aquatic environment (Balmer and Downing, 2011). Oligotrophication is the opposite of eutrophication, where reduction in some limiting resource leads to a decrease in photosynthesis by aquatic plants, reducing the capacity of the ecosystem to sustain the higher organisms in it. Eutrophication is one of the more long-lasting water quality problems in Europe (OSPAR ICG-EUT, 2017), and is on the forefront of most European Directives on water-protection. Efforts to reduce anthropogenically-induced pollution resulted in the implementation of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) in 2000. '''CMEMS KEY FINDINGS''' The coastal and shelf waters, especially between 30 and 400N that showed active oligotrophication flags for 2020 have reduced in 2021 and a reversal to eutrophic flags can be seen in places. Again, the eutrophication index is positive only for a small number of coastal locations just north of 40oN in 2021, however south of 40oN there has been a significant increase in eutrophic flags, particularly around the Azores. In general, the 2021 indicator map showed an increase in oligotrophic areas in the Northern Atlantic and an increase in eutrophic areas in the Southern Atlantic. The Third Integrated Report on the Eutrophication Status of the OSPAR Maritime Area (OSPAR ICG-EUT, 2017) reported an improvement from 2008 to 2017 in eutrophication status across offshore and outer coastal waters of the Greater North Sea, with a decrease in the size of coastal problem areas in Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Norway and the United Kingdom. '''DOI (product):''' https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00195

'''This product has been archived''' For operationnal and online products, please visit https://marine.copernicus.eu '''Short description:''' This RRS product is defined as the ratio of upwelling radiance and downwelling irradiance at 412, 443, 490, 510, 560 and 665 nm wavebands (corresponding to MERIS), and can also be expressed as the ratio of normalized water leaving Radiance (nLw) and the extra-terrestrial solar irradiance (F0). The ESA Climate Change Initiative is a 2-part programme aiming to produce “climate quality” merged data records from multiple sensors. The Ocean Colour project within this programme has a primary focus on chlorophyll in open oceans, using the highest quality Rrs merging process to date. This uses a combination of bandshifting to a reference sensor and temporally-weighted bias correction to align independent sensors into a coherent and minimally-biased set of reflectances. These are derived from level 2 data produced by SeaDAS l2gen (SeaWiFS) and Polymer (MODIS, VIIRS, MERIS and OLCI-3A) , and the resulting Rrs bias corrected. '''Processing information:''' ESA-CCI Rrs raw data are provided by Plymouth Marine Laboratory, currently at 4km resolution. These are processed to produce CMEMS representations using the same in-house software as in the operational processing. The entire CCI data set is consistent and processing is done in one go. Both OC CCI and the REP product are versioned. Standard masking criteria for detecting clouds or other contamination factors have been applied during the generation of the Rrs, i.e., land, cloud, sun glint, atmospheric correction failure, high total radiance, large solar zenith angle (70deg), large spacecraft zenith angle (56deg), coccolithophores, negative water leaving radiance, and normalized water leaving radiance at 560 nm 0.15 Wm-2 sr-1 (McClain et al., 1995). For the regional products, a variant of the OC-CCI chain is run to produce high resolution data at the 1km resolution necessary. '''DOI (product) :''' https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00077

'''This product has been archived''' For operationnal and online products, please visit https://marine.copernicus.eu '''Short description:''' For the '''Global''' Ocean '''Satellite Observations''', ACRI-ST company (Sophia Antipolis, France) is providing '''Chlorophyll-a''' and '''Optics''' products [1997 - present] based on the '''Copernicus-GlobColour''' processor. * '''Chlorophyll and Bio''' products refer to Chlorophyll-a, Primary Production (PP) and Phytoplankton Functional types (PFT). Products are based on a multi sensors/algorithms approach to provide to end-users the best estimate. Two dailies Chlorophyll-a products are distributed: ** one limited to the daily observations (called L3), ** the other based on a space-time interpolation: the '''Cloud Free''' (called L4). * '''Optics''' products refer to Reflectance (RRS), Suspended Matter (SPM), Particulate Backscattering (BBP), Secchi Transparency Depth (ZSD), Diffuse Attenuation (KD490) and Absorption Coef. (ADG/CDM). * The spatial resolution is 4 km. For Chlorophyll, a 1 km over the Atlantic (46°W-13°E , 20°N-66°N) is also available for the '''Cloud Free''' product, plus a 300m Global coastal product (OLCI S3A & S3B merged). *Products (Daily, Monthly and Climatology) are based on the merging of the sensors SeaWiFS, MODIS, MERIS, VIIRS-SNPP&JPSS1, OLCI-S3A&S3B. Additional products using only OLCI upstreams are also delivered. * Recent products are organized in datasets called NRT (Near Real Time) and long time-series in datasets called REP/MY (Multi-Year). The NRT products are provided one day after satellite acquisition and updated a few days after in Delayed Time (DT) to provide a better quality. An uncertainty is given at pixel level for all products. To find the '''Copernicus-GlobColour''' products in the catalogue, use the search keyword '''GlobColour'''. See [http://catalogue.marine.copernicus.eu/documents/QUID/CMEMS-OC-QUID-009-030-032-033-037-081-082-083-085-086-098.pdf QUID document] for a detailed description and assessment. '''DOI (product) :''' https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00075

'''This product has been archived''' For operationnal and online products, please visit https://marine.copernicus.eu '''Short description:''' The Global Ocean Satellite monitoring and marine ecosystem study group (GOS) of the Italian National Research Council (CNR), in Rome operationally produces surface chlorophyll of the European region by merging the daily chlorophyll regional products over the Atlantic Ocean, the Baltic Sea, the Black Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea. Single chlorophyll daily images are the Case I – Case II products, which are produced accounting for bio-optical differences in these two water types. The mosaic is built using the following datasets: • dataset-oc-atl-chl-multi_cci-l3-chl_1km_daily-rt-v01 for the North Atlantic Ocean • dataset-oc-bal-chl-modis_a-l3-nn_1km_daily-rt-v01 for the Baltic Sea • dataset-oc-bs-chl-multi-l3-chl_1km_daily-rt-v02 for the Black Sea • dataset-oc-med-chl-multi-l3-chl_1km_daily-rt-v02 for the Mediterranean Sea. '''Processing information:''' All details about the processing can be found in relevant product description: *OCEANCOLOUR_ATL_CHL_L3_NRT_OBSERVATIONS_009_036 *OCEANCOLOUR_BAL_CHL_L3_NRT_OBSERVATIONS_009_049 *OCEANCOLOUR_BS_CHL_L3_NRT_OBSERVATIONS_009_044 *OCEANCOLOUR_MED_CHL_L3_NRT_OBSERVATIONS_009_040 '''Description of observation methods/instruments:''' Ocean colour technique exploits the emerging electromagnetic radiation from the sea surface in different wavelengths. The spectral variability of this signal defines the so-called ocean colour which is affected by the presence of phytoplankton. '''Quality / Accuracy / Calibration information:''' A detailed description of the calibration and validation activities performed over this product can be found on the CMEMS web portal. '''Suitability, Expected type of users / uses:''' This product is meant for use for educational purposes and for the managing of the marine safety, marine resources, marine and coastal environment and for climate and seasonal studies. '''Dataset names:''' *dataset-oc-eur-chl-multi-l3-chl_1km_daily-rt-v02 '''DOI (product) :''' https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00095

'''DEFINITION:''' The regional annual chlorophyll anomaly is computed by subtracting a reference climatology (1997-2014) from the annual chlorophyll mean, on a pixel-by-pixel basis and in log10 space. Both the annual mean and the climatology are computed employing the regional products as distributed by CMEMS, derived by application of the regional chlorophyll algorithms over remote sensing reflectances (Rrs) provided by the ESA Ocean Colour Climate Change Initiative (ESA OC-CCI, Sathyendranath et al., 2018a). '''CONTEXT:''' Phytoplankton – and chlorophyll concentration as their proxy – respond rapidly to changes in their physical environment. In the North Atlantic region these changes present a distinct seasonality and are mostly determined by light and nutrient availability (González Taboada et al., 2014). By comparing annual mean values to a climatology, we effectively remove the seasonal signal at each grid point, while retaining information on potential events during the year (Gregg and Rousseaux, 2014). In particular, North Atlantic anomalies can then be correlated with oscillations in the Northern Hemisphere Temperature (Raitsos et al., 2014). Chlorophyll anomalies also provide information on the status of the North Atlantic oligotrophic gyre, where evidence of rapid gyre expansion has been found for the 1997-2012 period (Polovina et al. 2008, Aiken et al., 2017, Sathyendranath et al., 2018b). '''CMEMS KEY FINDINGS:''' The average chlorophyll anomaly in the North Atlantic is -0.02 log10(mg m-3), with a maximum value of 1.0 log10(mg m-3) and a minimum value of -1.0 log10(mg m-3). That is to say that, in average, the annual 2019 mean value is slightly lower (96%) than the 1997-2014 climatological value. A moderate increase in chlorophyll concentration was observed in 2019 over the Bay of Biscay and regions close to Iceland and Greenland, such as the Irminger Basin and the Denmark Strait. In particular, the annual average values for those areas are around 160% of the 1997-2014 average (anomalies > 0.2 log10(mg m-3)). While the significant negative anomalies reported for 2016-2017 (Sathyendranath et al., 2018c) in the area west of the Ireland and Scotland coasts continued to manifest, the Irish and North Seas returned to their normative regime during 2019, with anomalies close to zero. A change in the anomaly sign (positive to negative) was also detected for the West European Basin, with annual values as low as 60% of the 1997-2014 average. This reduction in chlorophyll might be matched with negative anomalies in sea level during the period, indicating a dominance of upwelling factors over stratification.

'''This product has been archived'''                For operationnal and online products, please visit https://marine.copernicus.eu '''Short description:''' Experimental altimeter satellite along-track sea surface heights anomalies (SLA) computed with respect to a twenty-year [1993, 2012] mean with a 5Hz (~1.3km) sampling. All the missions are homogenized with respect to a reference mission (see QUID document or http://duacs.cls.fr [http://duacs.cls.fr] pages for processing details). The product gives additional variables (e.g. Mean Dynamic Topography, Dynamic Atmosphic Correction, Ocean Tides, Long Wavelength Errors, Internal tide, …) that can be used to change the physical content for specific needs This product was generated as experimental products in a CNES R&D context. It was processed by the DUACS multimission altimeter data processing system. '''DOI (product) :''' https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00137

'''This product has been archived''' For operationnal and online products, please visit https://marine.copernicus.eu '''Short description :''' For the '''Global''' Ocean '''Satellite Observations''', ACRI-ST company (Sophia Antipolis, France) is providing '''Chlorophyll-a''' and '''Optics''' products [1997 - present] based on the '''Copernicus-GlobColour''' processor. * '''Chlorophyll and Bio''' products refer to Chlorophyll-a, Primary Production (PP) and Phytoplankton Functional types (PFT). Products are based on a multi sensors/algorithms approach to provide to end-users the best estimate. Two dailies Chlorophyll-a products are distributed: ** one limited to the daily observations (called L3), ** the other based on a space-time interpolation: the '''Cloud Free'''' (called L4). * '''Optics''' products refer to Reflectance (RRS), Suspended Matter (SPM), Particulate Backscattering (BBP), Secchi Transparency Depth (ZSD), Diffuse Attenuation (KD490) and Absorption Coef. (ADG/CDM). * The spatial resolution is 4 km. For Chlorophyll, a 1 km over the Atlantic (46°W-13°E , 20°N-66°N) is also available for the '''Cloud Free''' product, plus a 300m Global coastal product (OLCI S3A & S3B merged). *Products (Daily, Monthly and Climatology) are based on the merging of the sensors SeaWiFS, MODIS, MERIS, VIIRS-SNPP&JPSS1, OLCI-S3A&S3B. Additional products using only OLCI upstreams are also delivered. * Recent products are organized in datasets called NRT (Near Real Time) and long time-series in datasets called REP/MY (Multi-Years). The NRT products are provided one day after satellite acquisition and updated a few days after in Delayed Time (DT) to provide a better quality. An uncertainty is given at pixel level for all products. To find the '''Copernicus-GlobColour''' products in the catalogue, use the search keyword '''GlobColour''''. See [http://catalogue.marine.copernicus.eu/documents/QUID/CMEMS-OC-QUID-009-030-032-033-037-081-082-083-085-086-098.pdf QUID document] for a detailed description and assessment. '''DOI (product) :''' https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00072