This data set provides a monthly time series of the upper limb of the Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC) intensity at the A25 Greenland-Portugal OVIDE line from 1993 to 2015. The MOC was derived by combining AVISO altimetry with ISAS temperature and salinity data. The reader is referred to Mercier et al. (2015, Progress in Oceanography) for a full description of the method.

This dataset provides a global Look-Up Table (LUT) of physiological ratios for the real-time adjustment of chlorophyll-a fluorescence measured by biogeochemical Argo (BGC-Argo) profiling floats. The physiological ratios aim to account for the global variability in the relationship between fluorescence and chlorophyll-a concentration, as influenced by phytoplankton physiology. The LUT was developed using two different gap-filled observational Argo-based products (SOCA machine learning-based methodology ; Sauzède et al., 2016; Sauzède et al., 2024). The first product provides gap-filled chlorophyll-a data derived from fluorescence corrected for dark signal and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) following Schmechtig et al. (2023), while the second product provides chlorophyll-a concentrations derived from light attenuation. The latter is based on the downward irradiance at 490 nm (ED490) derived from the SOCA-light method (Renosh et al., 2023). From this, the diffuse attenuation coefficient (KD490) is computed, which is subsequently used to estimate the chlorophyll-a concentration through the bio-optical relationships described by Morel et al. (2007). These two products, based on fluorescence and radiometry, enable the derivation of spatially varying correction factors, or physiological ratios. These ratios provide a validated grounded framework for adjusting real-time fluorescence observations from OneArgo floats into chlorophyll-a concentrations. The LUT is distributed in NetCDF format and is provided on a regular 1°×1° latitude–longitude grid covering the global ocean. Each grid cell contains the temporal mean, averaged over the water column (from the surface to 1.5 times the euphotic depth), of the physiological ratio. The file also includes metadata describing variable definitions, units, and other relevant information. Variables included: - physiological_ratio — fluorescence-to-radiometry-based chlorophyll correction factor (dimensionless) - physiological_ratio_sd — temporal standard deviation (over the twelve months) of the fluorescence-to-radiometry-based chlorophyll correction factor (dimensionless) - lat, lon — spatial coordinates (degrees north/east) - Global attributes — dataset description, reference citation, and contact information

The observations of campe glider on imedia deployment (Mediterranean Sea - Western basin) are distributed in 4 files: - EGO NetCDF time-series (data, metadata, derived sea water current) - NetCDF profiles extracted from the above time-series - Raw data - JSON metadata used by the decoder The following parameters are provided : - Practical salinity - Sea temperature in-situ ITS-90 scale - Electrical conductivity - Sea water pressure, equals 0 at sea-level

The Coriolis Ocean Dataset for Reanalysis for the Ireland-Biscay-Iberia region (hereafter CORA-IBI) product is a regional dataset of in situ temperature and salinity measurements. The latest version of the product covers the period 1950-2014. The CORA-IBI observations comes from many different sources collected by Coriolis data centre in collaboration with the In Situ Thematic Centre of the Copernicus Marine Service (CMEMS INSTAC).  The observations integrated in the CORA-IBI product have been acquired both by autonomous platforms (Argo profilers, fixed moorings, gliders, drifters, sea mammals, fishery observing system from the RECOPESCA program), research or opportunity vessels ( CTDs, XBTs, ferrybox).  This CORA-IBI product has been controlled using an objective analysis (statistical tests) method and a visual quality control (QC). This QC procedure has been developed with the main objective to improve the quality of the dataset to the level required by the climate application and the physical ocean re-analysis activities. It provides T and S individual profiles on their original level with QC flags. The reference level of measurements is immersion (in meters) or pressure (in decibars). It is a subset on the IBI (Iberia-Bay-of-Biscay Ireland) of the CMEMS product referenced hereafter. The main new features of this regional product compared with previous global CORA products are the incorporation of coastal profiles from fishery observing system (RECOPESCA programme) in the Bay of Biscay and the English Channel as well as the use of an historical dataset collected by the Service hydrographique de la Marine (SHOM).

This dataset provides a World Ocean Atlas of Argo inferred statistics. The primary data are exclusively Argo profiles. The statistics are done using the whole time range covered by the Argo data, starting in July 1997. The atlas is provided with a 0.25° resolution in the horizontal and 63 depths from 0 m to 2,000 m in the vertical. The statistics include means of Conservative Temperature (CT), Absolute Salinity, compensated density, compressiblity factor and vertical isopycnal displacement (VID); standard deviations of CT, VID and the squared Brunt Vaisala frequency; skewness and kurtosis of VID; and Eddy Available Potential Energy (EAPE). The compensated density is the product of the in-situ density times the compressibility factor. It generalizes the virtual density used in Roullet et al. (2014). The compressibility factor is defined so as to remove the dependency with pressure of the in-situ density. The compensated density is used in the computation of the VID and the EAPE.

The Southern Ocean plays a fundamental role in regulating the global climate. This ocean also contains a rich and highly productive ecosystem, potentially vulnerable to climate change. Very large national and international efforts are directed towards the modeling of physical oceanographic processes to predict the response of the Southern Ocean to global climate change and the role played by the large-scale ocean climate processes. However, these modeling efforts are greatly limited by the lack of in situ measurements, especially at high latitudes and during winter months. The standard data that are needed to study ocean circulation are vertical profiles of temperature and salinity, from which we can deduce the density of seawater. These are collected with CTD (Conductivity-Temperature-Depth) sensors that are usually deployed on research vessels or, more recently, on autonomous Argo profilers. The use of conventional research vessels to collect these data is very expensive, and does not guarantee access to areas where sea ice is found at the surface of the ocean during the winter months. A recent alternative is the use of autonomous Argo floats. However, this technology is not easy to use in glaciated areas. In this context, the collection of hydrographic profiles from CTDs mounted on marine mammals is very advantageous. The choice of species, gender or age can be done to selectively obtain data in particularly under-sampled areas such as under the sea ice or on continental shelves. Among marine mammals, elephant seals are particularly interesting. Indeed, they have the particularity to continuously dive to great depths (590 ± 200 m, with maxima around 2000 m) for long durations (average length of a dive 25 ± 15 min, maximum 80 min). A Conductivity-Temperature-Depth Satellite Relay Data Logger (CTD-SRDLs) has been developed in the early 2000s to sample temperature and salinity vertical profiles during marine mammal dives (Boehme et al. 2009, Fedak 2013). The CTD-SRDL is attached to the seal on land, then it records hydrographic profiles during its foraging trips, sending the data by satellite ARGOS whenever the seal goes back to the surface.While the principle intent of seal instrumentation was to improve understanding of seal foraging strategies (Biuw et al., 2007), it has also provided as a by-product a viable and cost-effective method of sampling hydrographic properties in many regions of the Southern Ocean (Charrassin et al., 2008; Roquet et al., 2013).

Ensemble simulations of the ecosystem model Apecosm (https://apecosm.org) forced by the IPSL-CM6-LR climate model with the climate change scenario SSP5-8.5. The output files contain yearly mean biomass density for 3 communities (epipelagic, mesopelagic migratory and mesopelagic redidents) and 100 size classes (ranging from 0.12cm to 1.96m) The model grid file is also provided. Units are in J/m2 and can be converted in kg/m2 by dividing by 4e6. These outputs are associated with the "Assessing the time of emergence of marine ecosystems from global to local scales using IPSL-CM6A-LR/APECOSM climate-to-fish ensemble simulations" paper from the Earth's Future "Past and Future of Marine Ecosystems" Special Collection.

This data set contains the gridded hydrographic and transport data for the biennial Go-Ship A25 Greenland–Portugal OVIDE section from 2002 to 2012. The properties and transports are mapped on a 7km x 1m grid. Using a common grid facilitates the comparison between the different occupations of the line and the averaging. This data set was used in Daniault et al. (2016, Progress in Oceanography) to which the reader is referred for a description of the gridding method.

GOSUD aims at assembling in-situ observations of the world ocean surface collected by a variety of ships and at distributing quality controlled datasets.  At present time the variables considered by GOSUD are temperature and salinity. The GOSUD data are mostly collected using thermosalinographs (TSG) installed on research vessels, on commercial ships and in some cases on sailing exploration ships GOSUD manages both near-real time data and delayed mode (reprocessed) data.

The OceanGliders initiative (formerly EGO) is a gathering of several teams of oceanographers, interested in developing the use of gliders for ocean observations. OceanGliders started in Europe with members from France, Germany, Italy, Norway, Spain, and the United Kingdom. The partners of OceanGliders have been funded by both European and national agencies to operate gliders for various purposes and at different sites. Coordinated actions are being set up for these sites in order to demonstrate the capabilities of a fleet of gliders for sampling the ocean, with a given scientific and/or operational objective. Gliders were developed since the 90’s to carry out in-situ observations of the upper 1km of the ocean, filling the gaps left by the existing observing systems. Gliders look like small autonomous robotic underwater vehicles which that uses an engine to change their buoyancy. While gliding from surface to about 1000 meters, gliders provide real-time physical and biogeochemical data along their transit.  They observe temperature, salinity, pressure, biogeochemical data or acoustic data. The OceanGliders GDAC handled at Ifremer/France aggregates the data and metadata from glider deployments provided by the DACs or PIs. The OceanGliders unique DOI publishes the quaterly snapshot of the whole GDAC content and preserves its successive quaterly versions (unique DOI for easy citability, preservation of quaterly versions for reproducibility).   The OceanGliders unique DOI references all individual glider deployment DOIs provided by the DACs or PIs, and with data in the GDAC. DACs or PIs may use the data processing chain published at http://doi.org/10.17882/45402 to generate glider NetCDF GDAC files.