The European Union’s Copernicus-funded TRUSTED project (Towards Fiducial Reference Measurements of Sea-Surface Temperature by European Drifters) has deployed over 100 state of the art drifting buoys for improved validation of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) from the Sentinel-3 Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometers (SLSTR). These buoys are manufactured by NKE. The TRUSTED drifting buoys data and metadata are distributed in qualtity control NetCDF files, as a subset of DBCP drifting buoys GDAC (Global Data Assembly Centre). Coriolis DAC  (Data Assembly Centre) routinely collects, decodes, quality controls, preserves and distributes data and metadata as NetCDF-CF files. The TRUSTED buoys have specific features managed by Coriolis DAC python data processing chain: a high resolution temperature sensor in addition to the classic drifting buoy temperature sensor. The high sampling and high resolution observations are distributed in specific variables TEMP_HR, TEMP_HR_SPOT, TEMP_HR_XX (XX is the percentile sample).  

During 33 years, from January 1986 to December 2018, seawater temperature has then been registered daily at 4pm in the pumping station[1] of the Nuclear Power Station of Flamanville located 25 km south west of Cherbourg. In order to cool their condensers, seawater has been drawn off with a water flows of 45 m3s-1. The monthly average seawater temperature minimum has been registered in February (8,90°C), with extremes values in 1986 (6,80°C) and 2016 (10,33°C). The maximum of the seawater temperature has been registered in august (17, 81°C), varying from 16,28°C in 1986 to 18,60°C in 2014. The annual average seawater temperature is 13,09°C when using monthly average values and 13,13°C using all 12053 individuals values. Mean annual values differ from 11,37 °C in 1986 to 14,18 °C in 2014. Before this time-series of 33 years, the only dataset available had been registered between 1904 and 1923 and had been published in 35 by J. R. Lumby[2], from the Ministry of agriculture and fisheries of London (627 values during 20 years at the point R 26[3] , the closest from the head of Flamanville. In order to complete the time-series, EDF, in collaboration with the National Laboratory of Hydraulic (LNH[4]), uses the two sensors Fertex and Aanderaa[5] at 12 meter depth to get an additional time-series of 999 seawater temperatures recorded from September 1976 to May 1980, in a discontinuous way. An increase of 1,2 °C in the annual mean seawater temperature is observed between the first and the third time-series. A key point when analysing those three time-series is to keep in mind the difference in the location, depth and in the sensor. Conclusions from comparisons of those three time series need to be done carefully. Those data are now updated each year before being published in an annual report for Ifremer and EDF[6] about the ecological and fishery monitoring of Flamanville Nuclear Power Station location.   [1] Geographical coordinates of the pumping station : 49,53 N – 1,88 W [2] LUMBY, J.R. 1935.- « Salinity and temperature of the English Channel ». Fishery Investigations, series II, vol. XIV, n°3 [3] Coordonnées géographiques du R 26 : 49° 37’ N – 02° 14’ W [4] Today Laboratoire National d'Hydraulique et Environnement (LNHE) [5] Geographical coordinates  of Fertex and Aanderaa : 49° 32’ 29’’N -  001° 53’ 49’’W [6] ROPERT M., E. ANTAJAN, G. COURTAY, L. DREVES, A. FOVEAU, T. HERNÀNDEZ FARIÑAS, C. LOOTS, I. SCHLAICH , B. SIMON. (2019). Surveillance écologique et halieutique du site électronucléaire de Flamanville : Année 2018. RST/ODE/UL/LERN-19.001. Conv. EDF C4493C0850. 217 p.

Advanced Along-Track Scanning Radiometer multimission data have been reprocessed to provide update retrievals of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) to produce the AATSR Reprocessing for Climate (ARC) dataset.

The acoustic tomography approach provides an indirect measure of the temperature of an ocean volume. The technique provides an integrated measure of temperature along the sound propagation paths. The variety of paths between a transmitter and a receiver, as well as the large number of instruments deliver information on the variability of the thermal content of the insonified volume.

GOSUD aims at assembling in-situ observations of the world ocean surface collected by a variety of ships and at distributing quality controlled datasets.  At present time the variables considered by GOSUD are temperature and salinity. The GOSUD data are mostly collected using thermosalinographs (TSG) installed on research vessels, on commercial ships and in some cases on sailing exploration ships GOSUD manages both near-real time data and delayed mode (reprocessed) data.

The Mytilobs network, carried out by IFREMER (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea), is a national network dedicated to building long-term physiological variations time series of blue mussels (Mytilus edulis), across a large spatial scale. This observation network, initially designed to survey production yields, also provides valuable data to track environmental variations of coastal ecosystems. Mussels exhibit high phenotypic plasticity in response to environmental variations. Collection of data describing phenotypic variations, over an extended period, reveals small-scale climate and habitat variations. With its broad deployment across time and space, the data produced under Mytilobs will be useful for the establishment of a baseline condition when studying the effect of a perturbation affecting an ecosystem’s functioning. Finally, the monitoring of mussel biometric traits and mortality was coupled with high-frequency measurements of salinity, temperature, and sea level, complementing this multi-layer observational framework.

The COriolis Ocean Dataset for Reanalysis (hereafter "CORA") product is a global dataset of in situ temperature and salinity measurements. The CORA observations comes from many different sources collected by Coriolis data centre in collaboration with the In Situ Thematic Centre of the Copernicus Marine Service (CMEMS INSTAC).  The observation integrated in the CORA product have been acquired both by autonomous platforms (Argo profilers, fixed moorings , gliders , drifters, sea mammals) , research or opportunity vessels (CTDs, XBTs, ferrybox).  From the near real time CMEMS In Situ Thematic Centre product validated on a daily and weekly basis for forecasting purposes, a scientifically validated product is created. It s a "reference product" updated on a yearly basis since 2007. This product has been controlled using an objective analysis (statistical tests) method and a visual quality control (QC). This QC procedure has been developed with the main objective to improve the quality of the dataset to the level required by the climate application and the physical ocean re-analysis activities. It provides T and S weekly gridded fields and individual profiles both on their original level with QC flags and interpolated level. The measured parameters, depending on the data source, are : temperature, salinity. The reference level of measurements is immersion (in meters) or pressure (in decibars).  CORA contains historical profiles extracted from the EN.4 global T&S dataset, World Ocean Atlas, SeaDataNet, ICES and other data aggregators . The last version of the CORA product are also available freely from the Copernicus WEB site :   - Global Ocean- CORA- In-situ Observations Yearly Delivery in Delayed Mode - Global Ocean- Delayed Mode gridded CORA- In-situ Observations objective analysis in Delayed Mode  

This dataset provide a times series of daily multi-sensor composite fields of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) foundation at high resolution (HR) on a 0.10 x 0.10 degree grid (approximately 10 x 10 km) for the Global Ocean, every 24 hours. Whereas along swath observation data essentially represent the skin or sub-skin SST, the L3S SST product is defined to represent the SST foundation (SSTfnd). SSTfnd is defined within GHRSST as the temperature at the base of the diurnal thermocline. It is so named because it represents the foundation temperature on which the diurnal thermocline develops during the day. SSTfnd changes only gradually along with the upper layer of the ocean, and by definition it is independent of skin SST fluctuations due to wind- and radiation-dependent diurnal stratification or skin layer response. It is therefore updated at intervals of 24 hrs. SSTfnd corresponds to the temperature of the upper mixed layer which is the part of the ocean represented by the top-most layer of grid cells in most numerical ocean models. It is never observed directly by satellites, but it comes closest to being detected by infrared and microwave radiometers during the night, when the previous day's diurnal stratification can be assumed to have decayed. The processing combines the observations of multiple polar orbiting and geostationary satellites, embedding infrared of microwave radiometers. All these sources are intercalibrated with each other before merging. A ranking procedure is used to select the best sensor observation for each grid point. This dataset is generated daily within a 24 delay and is therefore suitable for assimilation into operational models. It is produced in the frame of Copernicus Marine Service and the data available through various tools and protocols with a simple user registration from this service (product identifier: SST_GLO_SST_L3S_NRT_OBSERVATIONS_010_010) at: https://data.marine.copernicus.eu/product/SST_GLO_SST_L3S_NRT_OBSERVATIONS_010_010

The Programme Ocean Multidisciplinaire Meso Echelle (POMME) was designed to describe and quantify the role of mesoscale processes in the subduction of mode waters in the Northeast Atlantic. Intensive situ measurements were maintained during 1 year (September 2000 - October 2001), over a 8 degrees square area centered on 18 degrees W, 42 degrees N. In order to synthesized the in-situ physical observations, and merge them with satellite altimetry and surface fluxes datasets, a simplified Kalman filter has been designed. Daily fields of temperature, salinity, and stream function were produced on a regular grid over a full seasonal cycle. We propose here the gridded fields (KA_ files) and the in-situ datasets used by the analysis (Data_ files).

Measurements by drifting surface buoys. This system is a drifting mooring consisting of a surface buoy fastened to a floating anchor by a cable (trip line, buoy rope). It has to monitor as precisely as possible the water volume in which the floating anchor is immersed. The surface buoys are traced by Argos satellites.