'''This product has been archived''' For operational and online products, please visit https://marine.copernicus.eu '''Short description:''' For the Global Ocean - the OSTIA diurnal skin Sea Surface Temperature product provides daily gap-free maps of: *Hourly mean skin Sea Surface Temperature at 0.25° x 0.25° horizontal resolution, using in-situ and satellite data from infra-red radiometers. The Operational Sea Surface Temperature and Ice Analysis (OSTIA) system is run by the Met Office. A 1/4° (approx. 28 km) hourly analysis of skin Sea Surface temperature (SST) is produced daily for the global ocean. The skin temperature of the ocean is the temperature measured by satellite infra-red radiometers and can experience a large diurnal cycle. The skin SST L4 product is created by combining: 1. the OSTIA foundation SST analysis which uses in-situ and satellite observations; 2. the OSTIA diurnal warm layer analysis which uses satellite observations; and 3. a cool skin model. OSTIA uses satellite data provided by the GHRSST project. '''DOI (product) :''' https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00167

'''Short description:''' Near-Real-Time mono-mission satellite-based along-track significant wave height. Only valid data are included, based on a rigorous editing combining various criteria such as quality flags (surface flag, presence of ice) and thresholds on parameter values. Such thresholds are applied on parameters linked to significant wave height determination from retracking (e.g. SWH, sigma0, range, off nadir angle…). All the missions are homogenized with respect to a reference mission (Jason-3 until April 2022, Sentinel-6A afterwards) and calibrated on in-situ buoy measurements. Finally, an along-track filter is applied to reduce the measurement noise. As a support of information to the significant wave height, wind speed measured by the altimeters is also processed and included in the files. Wind speed values are provided by upstream products (L2) for each mission and are based on different algorithms. Only valid data are included and all the missions are homogenized with respect to the reference mission. This product is processed by the WAVE-TAC multi-mission altimeter data processing system. It serves in near-real time the main operational oceanography and climate forecasting centers in Europe and worldwide. It processes operational data (OGDR and NRT, produced in near-real-time) from the following altimeter missions: Sentinel-6A, Jason-3, Sentinel-3A, Sentinel-3B, Cryosat-2, SARAL/AltiKa, CFOSAT ; and interim data (IGDR, 1 to 2 days delay) from Hai Yang-2B mission. One file containing valid SWH is produced for each mission and for a 3-hour time window. It contains the filtered SWH (VAVH), the unfiltered SWH (VAVH_UNFILTERED) and the wind speed (wind_speed). '''DOI (product) :''' https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00179

'''This product has been archived''' For operationnal and online products, please visit https://marine.copernicus.eu '''Short description:''' Near-Real-Time mono-mission satellite-based along-track significant wave height. Only valid data are included, based on a rigorous editing combining various criteria such as quality flags (surface flag, presence of ice) and thresholds on parameter values. Such thresholds are applied on parameters linked to significant wave height determination from retracking (e.g. SWH, sigma0, range, off nadir angle…). All the missions are homogenized with respect to a reference mission (Jason-3 until April 2022, Sentinel-6A afterwards) and calibrated on in-situ buoy measurements. Finally, an along-track filter is applied to reduce the measurement noise. As a support of information to the significant wave height, wind speed measured by the altimeters is also processed and included in the files. Wind speed values are provided by upstream products (L2) for each mission and are based on different algorithms. Only valid data are included and all the missions are homogenized with respect to the reference mission. This product is processed by the WAVE-TAC multi-mission altimeter data processing system. It serves in near-real time the main operational oceanography and climate forecasting centers in Europe and worldwide. It processes operational data (OGDR and NRT, produced in near-real-time) from the following altimeter missions: Sentinel-6A, Jason-3, Sentinel-3A, Sentinel-3B, Cryosat-2, SARAL/AltiKa, CFOSAT ; and interim data (IGDR, 1 to 2 days delay) from Hai Yang-2B mission. One file containing valid SWH is produced for each mission and for a 3-hour time window. It contains the filtered SWH (VAVH), the unfiltered SWH (VAVH_UNFILTERED) and the wind speed (wind_speed). '''DOI (product) :''' https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00176

'''This product has been archived'''                For operationnal and online products, please visit https://marine.copernicus.eu '''Short description:''' Altimeter satellite gridded Sea Level Anomalies (SLA) computed with respect to a twenty-year [1993, 2012] mean. The SLA is estimated by Optimal Interpolation, merging the L3 along-track measurement from the different altimeter missions available. Part of the processing is fitted to the European Sea area. (see QUID document or http://duacs.cls.fr [http://duacs.cls.fr] pages for processing details). The product gives additional variables (i.e. Absolute Dynamic Topography and geostrophic currents (absolute and anomalies)). It serves in near-real time applications. This product is processed by the DUACS multimission altimeter data processing system. '''DOI (product) :''' https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00142

'''DEFINITION''' The OMI_EXTREME_WAVE_MEDSEA_swh_mean_and_anomaly_obs indicator is based on the computation of the 99th and the 1st percentiles from in situ data (observations). It is computed for the variable significant wave height (swh) measured by in situ buoys. The use of percentiles instead of annual maximum and minimum values, makes this extremes study less affected by individual data measurement errors. The percentiles are temporally averaged, and the spatial evolution is displayed, jointly with the anomaly in the target year. This study of extreme variability was first applied to sea level variable (Pérez Gómez et al 2016) and then extended to other essential variables, sea surface temperature and significant wave height (Pérez Gómez et al 2018). '''CONTEXT''' Projections on Climate Change foresee a future with a greater frequency of extreme sea states (Stott, 2016; Mitchell, 2006). The damages caused by severe wave storms can be considerable not only in infrastructure and buildings but also in the natural habitat, crops and ecosystems affected by erosion and flooding aggravated by the extreme wave heights. In addition, wave storms strongly hamper the maritime activities, especially in harbours. These extreme phenomena drive complex hydrodynamic processes, whose understanding is paramount for proper infrastructure management, design and maintenance (Goda, 2010). In recent years, there have been several studies searching possible trends in wave conditions focusing on both mean and extreme values of significant wave height using a multi-source approach with model reanalysis information with high variability in the time coverage, satellite altimeter records covering the last 30 years and in situ buoy measured data since the 1980s decade but with sparse information and gaps in the time series (e.g. Dodet et al., 2020; Timmermans et al., 2020; Young & Ribal, 2019). These studies highlight a remarkable interannual, seasonal and spatial variability of wave conditions and suggest that the possible observed trends are not clearly associated with anthropogenic forcing (Hochet et al. 2021, 2023). For the Mediterranean Sea an interesting publication (De Leo et al., 2024) analyses recent studies in this basin showing the variability in the different results and the difficulties to reach a consensus, especially in the mean wave conditions. The only significant conclusion is the positive trend in extreme values for the western Mediterranean Sea and in particular in the Gulf of Lion and in the Tyrrhenian Sea. '''COPERNICUS MARINE SERVICE KEY FINDINGS''' The mean 99th percentiles showed in the area present a range from 1.5-3.5 in the Gibraltar Strait and Alboran Sea with 0.25-0.6 of standard deviation (std), 2-5m in the East coast of the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with 0.2-0.4m of std, 3-4m in the Aegean Sea with 0.4-0.6m of std to 2-5m in the Gulf of Lyon with 0.3-0.5m of std. Results for this year show a slight negative anomaly in the Gibraltar Strait reaching -0.95m and the Gulf of Lyon (-0.3/-0.7m) slightly over the std in the respective areas, close to zero anomaly in the Aegean Sea (-0.1m) and slight positive or negative anomalies in the East coast of the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands (-0.4/+0.3m) inside the margin of the std. '''DOI (product):''' https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00263

'''Short description:''' This product corresponds to a L4 time series of monthly global reconstructed surface ocean pCO2, air-sea fluxes of CO2, pH, total alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon, saturation state with respect to calcite and aragonite, and associated uncertainties on a 0.25° x 0.25° regular grid. The product is obtained from an ensemble-based forward feed neural network approach mapping situ data for surface ocean fugacity (SOCAT data base, Bakker et al. 2016, https://www.socat.info/) and sea surface salinity, temperature, sea surface height, chlorophyll a, mixed layer depth and atmospheric CO2 mole fraction. Sea-air flux fields are computed from the air-sea gradient of pCO2 and the dependence on wind speed of Wanninkhof (2014). Surface ocean pH on total scale, dissolved inorganic carbon, and saturation states are then computed from surface ocean pCO2 and reconstructed surface ocean alkalinity using the CO2sys speciation software. '''DOI (product) :''' https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00047

'''Short description:''' MEDSEA_ANALYSISFORECAST_WAV_006_017 is the nominal wave product of the Mediterranean Sea Forecasting system, composed by hourly wave parameters at 1/24º horizontal resolution covering the Mediterranean Sea and extending up to 18.125W into the Atlantic Ocean. The waves forecast component (Med-WAV system) is a wave model based on the WAM Cycle 6. The Med-WAV modelling system resolves the prognostic part of the wave spectrum with 24 directional and 32 logarithmically distributed frequency bins and the model solutions are corrected by an optimal interpolation data assimilation scheme of all available along track satellite significant wave height and 10m wind speed observations. The atmospheric forcing is provided by the operational ECMWF Numerical Weather Prediction model and the wave model is forced with hourly averaged surface currents and sea level obtained from MEDSEA_ANALYSISFORECAST_PHY_006_013 at 1/24° resolution. The model uses wave spectra for Open Boundary Conditions from GLOBAL_ANALYSIS_FORECAST_WAV_001_027 product. The wave system includes 2 forecast cycles providing twice per day a Mediterranean wave analysis and 10 days of wave forecasts. '''DOI (product)''': https://doi.org/10.48670/mds-00373

'''This product has been archived''' For operationnal and online products, please visit https://marine.copernicus.eu '''Short description:''' The Global Ocean Satellite monitoring and marine ecosystem study group (GOS) of the Italian National Research Council (CNR), in Rome operationally produces Level-4 product includes monthly averaged datasets of the diffuse attenuation coefficient of light at 490 nm (Kd490) for multi-sensor (MODIS-AQUA, NOAA20-VIIRS, NPP-VIIRS, Sentinel3A-OLCI at 300m of resolution) (at 1 km resolution) and Sentinel3A-OLCI observations (at 300m resolution). Kd490 is the diffuse attenuation coefficient of light at 490 nm, and is a measure of the turbidity of the water column, i.e., how visible light in the blue-green region of the spectrum penetrates the water column. It is directly related to the presence of absorbing and scattering matter in the water column and is estimated through the ratio between Rrs at 490 and 555 nm. For the multi-sensor dataset, single sensor Rrs fields are band-shifted, over the SeaWiFS native bands (using the QAAv6 model, Lee et al., 2002) and merged with a technique aimed at smoothing the differences among different sensors. This technique is developed by the GOS. The QAA allows the inversion of the radiative transfer equations to compute the Inherent Optical Properties. Level-4 product includes monthly averages along with the standard deviation and the number of observations in the period of integration. '''Processing information:''' Multi-sensor products are constituted by MODIS-AQUA, NOAA20-VIIRS, NPP-VIIRS and Sentinel3A-OLCI. For consistency with NASA L2 dataset, BRDF correction was applied to Sentinel3A-OLCI prior to band shifting and multi sensor merging. Hence, the single sensor OLCI data set is also distributed after BRDF correction. Single sensor NASA Level-2 data are destriped and then all Level-2 data are remapped at 1 km spatial resolution (300m for Sentinel3A-OLCI) using cylindrical equirectangular projection. Afterwards, single sensor Rrs fields are band-shifted, over the SeaWiFS native bands (using the QAAv6 model, Lee et al., 2002) and merged with a technique aimed at smoothing the differences among different sensors. This technique is developed by The Global Ocean Satellite monitoring and marine ecosystem study group (GOS) of the Italian National Research Council (CNR, Rome). Then geophysical fields (i.e. chlorophyll, kd490, bbp, aph and adg) are estimated via state-of-the-art algorithms for better product quality. Time averages are computed on the delayed-time data. '''Description of observation methods/instruments:''' Ocean colour technique exploits the emerging electromagnetic radiation from the sea surface in different wavelengths. The spectral variability of this signal defines the so-called ocean colour which is affected by the presence of phytoplankton. '''Quality / Accuracy / Calibration information:''' A detailed description of the calibration and validation activities performed over this product can be found on the CMEMS web portal. '''Suitability, Expected type of users / uses:''' This product is meant for use for educational purposes and for the managing of the marine safety, marine resources, marine and coastal environment and for climate and seasonal studies. '''Dataset names :''' *dataset-oc-med-opt-multi-l4-kd490_1km_monthly-rt-v02 *dataset-oc-med-opt-olci-l4-kd490_300m_monthly-rt '''Files format:''' *CF-1.4 *INSPIRE compliant '''DOI (product) :''' https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00117

'''This product has been archived''' For operationnal and online products, please visit https://marine.copernicus.eu '''Short description:''' The operational global ocean analysis and forecast system of Météo-France with a resolution of 1/12 degree is providing daily analyses and 10 days forecasts for the global ocean sea surface waves. This product includes 3-hourly instantaneous fields of integrated wave parameters from the total spectrum (significant height, period, direction, Stokes drift,...etc), as well as the following partitions: the wind wave, the primary and secondary swell waves. The global wave system of Météo-France is based on the wave model MFWAM which is a third generation wave model. MFWAM uses the computing code ECWAM-IFS-38R2 with a dissipation terms developed by Ardhuin et al. (2010). The model MFWAM was upgraded on november 2014 thanks to improvements obtained from the european research project « my wave » (Janssen et al. 2014). The model mean bathymetry is generated by using 2-minute gridded global topography data ETOPO2/NOAA. Native model grid is irregular with decreasing distance in the latitudinal direction close to the poles. At the equator the distance in the latitudinal direction is more or less fixed with grid size 1/10°. The operational model MFWAM is driven by 6-hourly analysis and 3-hourly forecasted winds from the IFS-ECMWF atmospheric system. The wave spectrum is discretized in 24 directions and 30 frequencies starting from 0.035 Hz to 0.58 Hz. The model MFWAM uses the assimilation of altimeters with a time step of 6 hours. The global wave system provides analysis 4 times a day, and a forecast of 10 days at 0:00 UTC. The wave model MFWAM uses the partitioning to split the swell spectrum in primary and secondary swells. '''DOI (product) :''' https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00017

'''Short description:''' This product integrates in situ sea level observations aggregated and validated from the Regional EuroGOOS consortium (Arctic-ROOS, BOOS, NOOS, IBI-ROOS, MONGOOS) and Black Sea GOOS, and from the Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS) data portals (University of Hawaii Sea Level Center and IOC/UNESCO Sea Level Station Monitoring Facility). These data are obtained from national tide gauge networks operated by National Oceanographic Data Centres, Hydrographic and Meteorological offices, ports and Geographic Institutes, among others. '''DOI (product) :''' https://doi.org/10.17882/93670